The interaction of near-infrared light with biological samples to gain valuable insights into molecular composition and structure

Abstract

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is emerging as a rapid, non-invasive diagnostic tool for infectious diseases in both humans and animals. This technique analyzes the interaction of NIR light with biological samples, providing valuable insights into molecular composition and structure. Recent advancements, particularly the integration of chemometrics and artificial intelligence, have greatly improved the interpretation of spectral data and the accuracy of diagnoses. The development of portable NIR devices further facilitates its application in resource-limited environments. In comparison to traditional diagnostic methods, NIR offers quicker results and the capability to assess multiple biological components simultaneously. However, challenges such as limited sensitivity to trace biomarkers, sample complexity, instrument calibration, environmental factors, and the absence of standardized protocols persist. Despite these challenges, NIR spectroscopy has significant potential to enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases. This review explores the principles of NIR spectroscopy, its current applications, advantages, technological advancements, limitations, and its future as a practical, low-preparation diagnostic method.