Integration of Mankind and Society

Recognizing the classroom environment as a dynamic contributor to physical health, cognitive abilities, and social well-being

Ashfaq Ahmad, Wajid Ali Ansari, Fatima Al-Kubaisi — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores how human-centered environmental design affects students' general well-being, cognitive function, and health in learning environments. It examines how physical and sensory surroundings impact students' and teachers' health by influencing bodily functions, mental states, and social relationships. It does this by drawing on data from environmental psychology, ergonomics, and user experience design. The findings reveal that spaces integrating natural elements with adjustable ergonomic design and providing accessible areas for everyone create optimal conditions that enhance attention, reduce stress, and promote better overall health. The study highlights significant gaps in research focusing on long-term monitoring of subjects exposed to various sensory stimuli in real-world settings. It emphasizes the need for collaboration across multiple disciplines in educational space design to develop learning environments that foster student cognitive development and safeguard their health and well-being.

A mini review to draw attention of professional on future competences for designers

Muhammad Binyamin, Muhammad Aqeel, Noraiz Arshad — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Higher education institutions that offer design education need to reassess their teaching content in light of societal changes and digitalization. As we transition into a post-digital era, higher education is undergoing significant transformations. Metacognitive skills and competencies relevant to the digitalized world are now essential components of modern curricula. Throughout the 21st century, design education has placed emphasis on design thinking, user-centered design, and the application of service design principles. Today's designers are expected to possess the ability to navigate complexity and tackle intricate problems. They are increasingly called upon to address complex challenges within diverse and interconnected development processes. It is impossible to develop a curriculum that can effectively forecast the future because the design sector and professional standards are evolving so quickly. The primary objective is to comprehend how the design profession will be perceived in the future and to pinpoint the critical skills that aspiring designers need to acquire in order to successfully traverse the digital workplace.

A review on the opportunities and challenges of marketing in pharmaceutical companies

Karamat Hassan, Ahsan Ali, Samreen Shakeel — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

By offering creative ways to communicate with patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs), digital marketing has completely transformed the pharmaceutical sector. Digital tools like search engine optimization, social media campaigns, and AI-generated tailored content have supplanted traditional marketing strategies. This shift has improved contact between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers and strengthened direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising. However, obstacles including data privacy concerns, legal restrictions, and moral dilemmas accompany these developments. Using case studies from Pfizer, Novartis, and Johnson & Johnson to highlight best practices and emerging trends in this dynamic field, this study explores the opportunities and difficulties of digital marketing in the pharmaceutical industry.

An insightful review on pros and cons of collaborative and shared leadership

Sami Ullah, Fouzia Bibi — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study highlights certain difficulties, like striking a balance between efficiency and inclusivity while filling in the gaps in participatory decision-making procedures. By analyzing the relationship between shared governance, which emphasizes participatory institutional processes, and collaborative leadership, which entails inclusive, team-based decision-making, within higher education institutions, the study investigates the possibility of new perspectives on leadership. This study suggests avenues for further theoretical growth by elucidating collaborative leadership, particularly its emphasis on decentralizing authority and promoting collective efficacy. Similarly, by encouraging inclusive and participatory decision-making processes, shared governance improves the real-world implementation of collaborative leadership. In addition to demonstrating potential for leadership in education, the interplay between these frameworks advances organizational behavior (OB) more broadly. By strengthening organizational theory and leadership practices, this integrated viewpoint can be further developed, opening the door for creative and flexible governance models in higher education.

The comparison of satisfaction levels among salaried and self-employed people

Anila Shakil, Rao Muhammad Zain Ul Abideen, Rao Akmal Ali, Sumona Akter — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Work-life balance and occupational burnout are now seen as crucial psychological factors that affect employee well-being, productivity, and mental health. Salaried employees often deal with organizational pressures, deadlines, and role expectations, while self-employed individuals face unique stressors like income instability, long work hours, and difficulty separating work from personal life. This study aimed to compare work-life balance and burnout between self-employed and salaried individuals, as well as to explore the relationship between these factors. A total of 100 participants (50 self-employed and 50 salaried individuals) aged 20–60 from Faisalabad city were selected for the study. The results showed that self-employed individuals reported higher work-life imbalance and greater burnout levels than salaried individuals. A significant negative correlation was found between work-life balance and occupational burnout, indicating that those with poor balance are more likely to experience exhaustion and disengagement. The findings suggest that having autonomy in self-employment does not necessarily protect against burnout and may actually increase stress due to financial uncertainty and lack of support structures.