Forensic Insights and Health Sciences Bulletin

Limitations of artificial intelligence in forensic science

Muhammad Akram Choohan — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0500

The field of artificial intelligence in forensic science examines the prospects that exist today and in the future for integrating cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technologies with traditional forensic and investigative procedures. But there are a number of restrictions attached to it. Let's take a quick look at the limitations of AI in toxicology and forensic medicine.

Machine training: For accurate interpretation, an AI machine needs a substantial data feed. For the machine to be able to learn from the data and be educated in several important areas of forensic medicine by forensic professionals, high-quality and quantity data is necessary so that the computer can interpret post-mortem examination results and provide a reliable opinion. Experts in forensic medicine must first manually annotate documents and photos with important discoveries, conclusions, and other information for computers. Forensic specialists must first put in a great deal of work to do this [1].

Trust: Experts in forensic medicine must establish confidence with their stakeholders and clients. They must demonstrate to the public the accuracy and reliability of their work. It will be quite concerning to see if the judges, the investigative body, and the general public will find the machine's opinion credible. The judiciary and the investigating agency are the clients of forensic experts, and they must be convinced by them that the conclusions drawn from AI are reliable and correct.

Medicolegal perspectives: Every piece of documented evidence must be presented orally by the expert witness in a court of law. Hence, the most crucial question in the realm of forensic medicine is whether the opinion generated by AI will be admitted as evidence in a court of law.

Infrastructure: To use AI, forensic medical professionals require the appropriate infrastructure and tools. Large data storage systems and high-performance computer infrastructure are examples of this. Every procedure will be quite expensive. Another major worry is whether less developed countries will be able to fund such arrangements.

Interoperability: It's possible that different AI tools can't communicate with one another. There may be instances where this results in the creation of data silos. There will be effort duplication as a result [2].

Ethical considerations: Artificial Intelligence is a potent tool that may increase precision and productivity. On the other hand, its application calls into question current regulatory frameworks and poses ethical issues. There are many who contend that the application of AI will hinder the custom of human judgment.

Lack of facilities: A significant portion of the populace lacks access to contemporary healthcare facilities. Therefore, legislators will have a very tough time creating high-tech infrastructure in the field of forensic medicine.

Human involvement: AI is merely an automated instrument. It cannot take the place of knowledge and human contact. Every piece of data that is input into the computer will need human labor. Therefore, forensic professionals will need to invest a great deal of time and effort in training the computer at first, and ongoing data updates are also required [3].

Unveiling the complexities of cocaine

Muhammad Kaleem, Samiaan Qurban Khan — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0500

This investigation delves into the multifaceted world of cocaine, a potent psychostimulant derived from the Erythroxylon coca plant. We undertake a comprehensive analysis, examining its chemical structure and pharmacological classification, alongside the analytical techniques employed for its detection and quantification in biological matrices. Our journey traverses historical perspectives, tracing the evolution of cocaine use and regulatory frameworks. Subsequent exploration focuses on the pharmacological effects exerted on the central nervous system and peripheral systems, elucidating its abuse potential and the neurobiological mechanisms underlying addiction. The characteristic symptomatology associated with cocaine use and the potentially fatal consequences of overdose are also brought to light. Furthermore, we dissect the dose-dependent relationship with adverse effects, including the concept of lethal dose. Therapeutic interventions and potential antidotes are investigated, alongside both traditional and cutting-edge laboratory techniques for cocaine detection and analysis. Finally, we adopt a global perspective, examining current research trends and the worldwide impact of cocaine-related fatalities. This holistic approach aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of this complex drug and its multifaceted consequences.

Composition of explosive and their effect at different crime scene

Noor UL Aien, Afshan Maqbool, Azka Kanwal, Minahil Ahsan, Azka Khalil — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0500

An important area of forensic science called "explosive trace evidence analysis" is concerned with identifying and interpreting minute explosive remnants found at crime scenes and during security screening. In criminal investigations, counterterrorism operations, and safety inspections, the identification and analysis of these trace chemicals are crucial. X-ray diffraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ion mobility spectrometry are just a few of the approaches and techniques used in this paper's thorough discussion of explosive trace evidence examination. With the use of these techniques, forensic professionals are able to precisely identify and classify certain explosive compounds, assisting in the identification of the origins of explosives and gaining a better knowledge of their potential dangers. It emphasizes the value of expert testimony in court processes as well as the function of forensic specialists in the gathering, preservation, and analysis of evidence. The paper also emphasizes the significance of ongoing study and technological development in the area, as well as the potential for future advancements in nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and cooperative efforts to improve the efficacy and efficiency of explosive trace evidence analysis. Explosive trace evidence analysis continues to be vital in preserving public safety and security by successfully thwarting explosives-related crime and terrorism thanks to continual developments and breakthroughs.

A mini review on drugs toxicity and antidots

Zainab Laeeq, Jaweria Naz Muqadas — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0500

Drug Toxicity and Antidotes: A Comprehensive Review Drug toxicity is a significant concern in the field of medicine, as it can lead to adverse effects and potentially life-threatening situations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of drug toxicity mechanisms, risk factors, and manifestations in various organ systems. Additionally, the role of antidotes in managing drug toxicity is explored, focusing on their mechanisms of action and limitations. The potential future directions in antidote development, including personalized medicine and nanotechnology, are also discussed. Understanding drug toxicity and the available antidotes is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide effective treatment and improve patient outcomes. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Antidote Selection for Drug Toxicity Management Pharmacogenomics has emerged as a powerful tool in predicting individual responses to medications. In the context of drug toxicity management, this review examines how genetic variations in drug metabolism enzymes and drug receptors can influence drug toxicity susceptibility. By utilizing pharmacogenomic information, healthcare providers can tailor antidote selection to individual patients, enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions. The potential implications of personalized antidotes in improving patient care and safety are discussed, highlighting the importance of incorporating pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. Nanotechnology-Based Antidotes for Drug Toxicity: A Promising Approach Nanotechnology offers a novel avenue for developing targeted antidotes for drug toxicity. This article discusses recent advancements in nanotechnology and its applications in drug delivery and antidote administration. Nanoengineered particles can enhance the selectivity and effectiveness of antidotes by delivering them directly to affected tissues or organs. The potential benefits of nanotechnology-based antidotes, such as reduced systemic toxicity and improved therapeutic outcomes, are explored.

Potential of hair analysis in the field of forensic sciences

Tasmia Fatima Fatima, Arooj Munawar, Javaria Yaseen — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0500

This paper delves into the intricate world of hair analysis as a subset of trace evidence, providing a comprehensive overview of its techniques, significance, and evolving role in modern forensic science. The paper begins by elucidating the structure of hair, highlighting the distinctions between human and animal hair, as well as variations within human hair from different regions of the body. Various techniques, such as microscopic examination, can elucidate key characteristics like color, diameter, and scale patterns. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offer even finer details, allowing forensic experts to make more precise comparisons. Genetic analysis through mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) can provide conclusive identification in some cases, especially when other methods fall short. The examination of drugs, toxins, and other foreign substances within the hair shaft can uncover critical information about a person's habits, environment, and potentially the cause of death in cases of poisoning or drug overdose. Its potential to unveil hidden clues is a testament to the enduring importance of this field in the realm of forensic science. In this article we thoroughly explain different techniques used for forensic analysis of hair. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to detect metal in hair sample while Chelex based extraction method is used to extract mtDNA from hair sample and to amplify it mtDNA analysis is used to determine maternal relationship of an individual.

Revealing the role of proteins in the field of forensic investigations

Muhammad Kaleem, Arooj Munawar, Afshan Maqbool — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0500

Forensic science, a multidisciplinary domain, employs a myriad of techniques to elucidate criminal investigations and legal disputes. Proteins, among the diverse array of biomolecules, have ascended as indispensable entities, playing a cardinal role in forensic applications. This review aims to offer an exhaustive overview of the importance and applications of proteins in forensic science, with an emphasis on their critical function as biomarkers and molecular tools. In the sphere of forensic identification, proteins have demonstrated their worth in determining the identity of individuals, both alive and deceased. The analysis of human DNA is one of the most renowned protein-based applications. Although DNA profiling is the gold standard, advancements in proteomics have ushered in supplementary methods such as protein profiling and peptide-based identification. These protein-centric techniques provide alternative avenues for forensic specialists, particularly when DNA samples are degraded or absent. Proteins have also been extensively utilized in crime scene analysis, where their presence can divulge crucial clues about the transpired events. Bodily fluids such as blood and saliva contain specific proteins that assist in identifying the offender or the victim. Moreover, the examination of gunshot residue, hair, and other trace evidence involves the detection of distinct protein markers, contributing to the reconstruction of the crime scene and enhancing the evidentiary value of the findings. Postmortem investigations have reaped substantial benefits from the incorporation of protein analysis techniques. The determination of the time of death, identification of the cause and manner of death, and differentiation between ante-mortem and postmortem injuries have been rendered more accurate through the study of protein degradation patterns and postmortem alterations. These insights are invaluable in delivering accurate testimonies and pivotal evidence in court proceedings. The emergence of advanced technologies, such as mass spectrometry and immunoassays, has broadened the scope of protein applications in forensic science. Mass spectrometry facilitates rapid and sensitive detection of proteins in minute quantities, proving particularly beneficial in the analysis of trace samples. Immunoassays leverage the specificity of antibodies to detect and quantify target proteins, enabling the identification of key biomarkers with high precision. In conclusion, proteins have surfaced as vital contributors in the realm of forensic science, offering a diverse array of applications in forensic identification, crime scene analysis, and postmortem investigations. The ongoing advancements in proteomics and related technologies promise to further augment the capabilities of these protein-centric approaches, ensuring their sustained utility in the quest for justice and truth.