Epidemiology and zoonotic impact of brucellosis in ruminants from a one health perspective

Abstract

Brucellosis is a global chief zoonotic infection that plagues all ruminants and humans and results in reproductive problems like infertility, abortions, and low milk manufacturing in livestock sector, and febrile diseases with chronic complications in humans. This disease has developed in a significant economic problem and a health concern within the community. Especially in endemic areas where the people have very close contact with the animals and the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products is dominant. The key reservoirs are ruminants that spread from animal-to-animal and animal-to-human infections and environmental persistence of Brucella continues to keep its transmission. The risk factors are reproductive management, biosecurity of farm, Herd size, occupational exposure and informal livestock trades. The test, vaccination, and slaughter policies with increased farm hygiene and public awareness campaigns is necessary to decrease the source of the infection and the transmission of Brucellosis.  One Health is a framework that includes animal health systems, human health systems, and environmental health systems. One health is vital to the coordination of initial identification, surveillance and the application of evidence-based interventions. The significance of policies, diagnosis, establishment of intersectoral cooperation, and the promotion of epidemiological, and vaccine efficiency in the research improves the achievement of the control and eradication programs. A universal One Health way out to the current issue of brucellosis is not only the reduction of the burden in animal and human health but also sustainable livestock management, resilience of people and economic sustainability. This review provides zoonotic effect, current synthesis of the epidemiology, and control and regulatory measures against brucellosis in ruminants and humans with main accent on the relevance of interdisciplinary tactics in the management of the brucellosis.