A case-control study on dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes in Pakistani adults

M Abdur Rehman Rais; Sana Shahzad; Sabira Sultana; M. Ibrahim Umar; Chaudhary Zohaib Nazar; Mahar Muhammad Saif

A case-control study on dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes in Pakistani adults

Authors

M Abdur Rehman Rais Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Sana Shahzad Department of Pharmacy, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Sabira Sultana Department of Eastern Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. Ibrahim Umar Department of Food Science and Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Chaudhary Zohaib Nazar Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Mahar Muhammad Saif Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.

Keywords:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Dietary patterns, Nutrient patterns, Glycaemic control, Pakistani adults, Case-control study

Abstract

Although type 2 diabetes mellitus is a rapidly expanding public health concern in Pakistan, little is known about how dietary patterns affect the risk of the disease on this population. A culturally modified food frequency questionnaire was used in this case-control study to measure dietary intake in 225 newly diagnosed T2DM cases and 225 matched controls. Three main nutritional patterns were found using principal component analysis. A substantially reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes was linked to a diet high in plant proteins, calcium, potassium, vitamins A, C, B2 and dietary fibre. Poor glycaemic control in people with diabetes was found to be independently associated with excessive sugar intake, low fibre consumption, and irregular meal frequency.

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Published

2026-04-30

How to Cite

Rais, M. A. R., Sana Shahzad, Sabira Sultana, M. I. Umar, Chaudhary Zohaib Nazar, and Mahar Muhammad Saif. “A Case-Control Study on Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Pakistani Adults”. Forensic Insights and Health Sciences Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 45-52, https://ammanif.com/journal/fi/index.php/home/article/view/248.