Advancements in forensic fingerprint development: Nanotechnology-driven approaches - A critical review of organic, inorganic, and hybrid composition powder compositions for latent fingerprint visualization

Abstract

Latent fingerprints (LFPs) are an essential biometric evidence source for forensic fingerprint analysis, which is a fundamental component of criminal investigations. Despite their effectiveness, traditional techniques like powder dusting pose health and environmental risks since they contain harmful substances like carbon black and lead. LFP visualization has been revolutionized by recent advancements in nanotechnology, which have provided enhanced sensitivity, contrast, and resolution. In addition to improving fingerprint detection, gold, silver, zinc oxide, and carbon-based nanoparticles, as well as organic, inorganic, and hybrid powders, solve sustainability and safety issues.  This paper examines how fingerprint development methods have changed over time, contrasting traditional methods with cutting-edge nanomaterial-based solutions. It talks about the chemical makeup of fingerprint remains, which is impacted by variables including age, food, and surface pollutants, and emphasizes the function of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) in digital analysis. While fluorescent polymer-based materials and rare-earth-doped nanoparticles enhance detection under UV light, new organic and biodegradable powders, such as herbal and dextran-based formulations, offer environmentally benign substitutes. Because of their capacity to cross biological barriers, nanoparticles present possible health and environmental hazards despite their benefits, calling for thorough safety evaluations. Future directions for forensic fingerprint research are discussed in conclusion, with a focus on the necessity of high-performing, non-toxic solutions that strike a compromise between effectiveness and occupational and environmental safety.