Revealing the role of proteins in the field of forensic investigations

Abstract

Forensic science, a multidisciplinary domain, employs a myriad of techniques to elucidate criminal investigations and legal disputes. Proteins, among the diverse array of biomolecules, have ascended as indispensable entities, playing a cardinal role in forensic applications. This review aims to offer an exhaustive overview of the importance and applications of proteins in forensic science, with an emphasis on their critical function as biomarkers and molecular tools. In the sphere of forensic identification, proteins have demonstrated their worth in determining the identity of individuals, both alive and deceased. The analysis of human DNA is one of the most renowned protein-based applications. Although DNA profiling is the gold standard, advancements in proteomics have ushered in supplementary methods such as protein profiling and peptide-based identification. These protein-centric techniques provide alternative avenues for forensic specialists, particularly when DNA samples are degraded or absent. Proteins have also been extensively utilized in crime scene analysis, where their presence can divulge crucial clues about the transpired events. Bodily fluids such as blood and saliva contain specific proteins that assist in identifying the offender or the victim. Moreover, the examination of gunshot residue, hair, and other trace evidence involves the detection of distinct protein markers, contributing to the reconstruction of the crime scene and enhancing the evidentiary value of the findings. Postmortem investigations have reaped substantial benefits from the incorporation of protein analysis techniques. The determination of the time of death, identification of the cause and manner of death, and differentiation between ante-mortem and postmortem injuries have been rendered more accurate through the study of protein degradation patterns and postmortem alterations. These insights are invaluable in delivering accurate testimonies and pivotal evidence in court proceedings. The emergence of advanced technologies, such as mass spectrometry and immunoassays, has broadened the scope of protein applications in forensic science. Mass spectrometry facilitates rapid and sensitive detection of proteins in minute quantities, proving particularly beneficial in the analysis of trace samples. Immunoassays leverage the specificity of antibodies to detect and quantify target proteins, enabling the identification of key biomarkers with high precision. In conclusion, proteins have surfaced as vital contributors in the realm of forensic science, offering a diverse array of applications in forensic identification, crime scene analysis, and postmortem investigations. The ongoing advancements in proteomics and related technologies promise to further augment the capabilities of these protein-centric approaches, ensuring their sustained utility in the quest for justice and truth.